Morbus Hansen (Hanseniasis Leprosy)

Morbus Hansen (Hanseniasis, Leprosy, Leprosy) is an infectious disease of chronic nature, caused by Mycobacterium leprae attacks the nerves tepid primary and secondary attack the skin, muscle RES upper respiratory tract, eyes and testes.

Pathophysiology
The entry of germs in the body can go through several possibilities, among others can be through non-intact skin, respiratory or digestive tract. Upon entry into the body, namely the prediction germ cells toward the place Schewann on peripheral nerve ..
In the germ cells proliferate, cell rupture and then infect others atu Schwann cells into the skin depending on the degree of immunity sufferer. At high immunity will occur tuberculoid type of leprosy, while in the low immunity will occur lepromatus type.


CLINICAL SYMPTOMS

The main complaint is usually as a result of peripheral nerve disorders, which in this case can be spots on the skin numbness, heavy, tingling, weakness of muscles and dry skin disorders due to spending the sweat glands.

Clinical symptoms that occur may include abnormalities in peripheral nerve, skin, hair, muscles, bones, eyes and testes.

1. Abnormalities in peripheral nerve
Abnormalities that occur may include thickening or tenderness due proseskeradangan fibrotic reaction.
The occurrence of peripheral nerves, especially on the trip, close to the surface of the skin al.: Nulnaris mgnus, n. Perouneus lateralis and n. Median.


2. Abnormalities of the skin
Abnormalities that occur may include numbness or macular spots anastetika, nodules, ulcers, ichtiosis, thickening and facies Leonina ear lobe.

3. Abnormalities in hair
Hair loss that occurs is usually limited to mukula or on eyebrows (madarosis)

4. Abnormalities in muscle
The disorder can be a disuse atrophy of muscles that dienervasi by the damaged peripheral nerve al: atrophy of the thenar, hypothenar, M.interosei, M.lumbricalis.
Paralysis of the muscles followed by stiffness of the joints resulting in Claw Hand, foot and drop hand drop.

5. Abnormalities in bone
Can be either osteomyelitis resulting in mutilation.
Can occur res orbsi on bone, especially in the fingers so that the bent tip retracts and is referred to as telescopic finger.

6. Abnormalities in the eye.
Disorders of the eye is often caused by paralysis of m. orbiculris oculi resulting lagopthalmus or eyes can not dipejamkan so that the eye becomes dry due to occur that may progress to keratitis kronea ulcer, iritis, and ended iridosi klitis blindness.

7. Abnormalities of the testis
Can occur orchitis or inflammation of the testes and ends menjaadi atrophy. Testicular atrophy, which results ginekomasti.

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Dermatofitosis attack

Dermatofitosis is any superficial fungal infection caused by dermatophytes and the stratum corneum of skin, hair and nails, including onychomycosis and various forms of tinea. Called also epidermomycosis and epidermophytosis. 4
Dermatophyte fungi named according to its genus (mycrosporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton) and species eg, Microsporum canis, t. rubrum). Some of these are only attacking humans (antropofilik), and others primarily attack animals (zoofilik), though can sometimes attack humans. If the animal fungi cause skin lesions in humans, the existence of these fungi often cause a severe inflammatory reaction (eg, cattle ringworm) . Read More..

Be careful with the disease rickets

Today many are found bone disease that strikes children, such as rickets. Rickets (formerly known as vitamin D-resintan rickets) is a disorder in which bones become painful and feels rather easily bent because the blood contains low levels of phosphate.

Cause

Very rare disorder is almost always declined, through a dominant gene that is carried on the X chromosome, one of the two sex chromosome. Genetic disorder that causes abnormal kidney create high amounts of phosphate which does not fit into the bladder removed, resulting in levels of phosphate in the blood is low. Because bones need phosphate for growth and strength, this deficiency causes defective bones. Women with hypophosphatemic rickets have less severe bone disease than men. In rare cases, the disorder occurs as a result of certain cancers, such as giant cell tumors of bone, sarcoma, prostate cancer, and breast cancer. Hypophosphatemic rickets is not the same as rickets caused by a deficiency of vitamin D.

Symptoms

Hypophosphatemic rickets usually begins to cause abnormalities in the first year of life. Abnormalities of the possibility of which they produce mild symptoms that did not exist or where they produce severe bending of the arm and the other bone deformities, bone pain, and short stature. The bones become larger when the muscles attach to bones may restrict the movement of their joints. The space between the baby's skull bones may be too soon, leading to seizures.

Diagnosis
Laboratory tests showed that the levels of calcium in the blood is normal but the levels of phosphate is low.

Treatment

The goal of treatment is a hypophosphatemic rickets increased levels of phosphate in the blood, which will promote normal bone formation. Phosphate can be taken by mouth and must be combined with calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D. Taking vitamin D alone is not sufficient. The number of phosphate and calcitriol should be adjusted carefully because this treatment often causes high calcium levels in the blood, accumulation of calcium in the kidney tissue, or kidney stones. These effects can harm the kidneys and other tissues. In some adults, hypophosphatemic rickets resulting from a dramatic improvement of cancer after the cancer is removed.

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Danger!!!!! Osteoporosis Threaten your bones !!!

Well osteoporosis dangerous enough for us. for that we need to know about osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a disorder characterized by a progressive decrease in bone mass or fast. Reduced bone mass causes bones to become thin and weak. So it is no wonder that the people who have severe osteoporosis will easily fracture without apparent reason.

Normal bone was formed by a protein called collagen and the mineral calcium. Osteoporosis causes a vacuum deposit of collagen and calcium on bone. So that the layer formation process does not take place while the bone into the process of thinning continues.

In normal bone formation always occurs and bone thinning process continuously. It aims to maintain bone mass that is not too heavy so it does not disturb the process of movement. As I mentioned above, in osteoporosis, the process of formation does not occur while the thinning process continues.

Thin bone that will be very weak and easily broken by even mild impact. In normal bone, this impact will not cause anything, while in patients with osteoporosis causes broken bones. Almost all the bones had this experience, including ribs, pelvis and wrist.

Although osteoporosis can strike men and women, but most people with osteoporosis are women who have undergone menopause. It is believed that the hormone estrogen is a very important ingredient in maintaining bone mass. Well, in women who are menopausal, hormone production is very greatly reduced so as to accelerate the reduction of bone mass. Without effective prevention, a woman can lose 20-30% bone mass in the first 10 years after menopause. The process of osteoporosis can occur quietly and in a long time. Not a few women who ignore this because they did not feel anything, until the occurrence of symptoms of bone fractures caused by something minor trauma.

According to research in America, more than 20 million people suffer from osteoporosis, and 1.3 million of them have symptoms of a broken bone.

The main goal of osteoporosis treatment is to prevent fractures by stopping bone mass reduction and increases bone mass and strength.

Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis include diet regulation, stopping bad habits like smoking and alcohol consumption, regular exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D, hormone replacement treatment with estrogen in postmenopausal women as well as medicines such as aledronate, etidronate or calcitonin. Medicinal drugs that I mentioned last will reduce the process of bone thinning. I hope this article about osteoporosis can be useful for us.

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Why health insurance is important

Many health insurance companies that claim their products are the best health insurance, so it confuses lay people. The question is, of all the best insurance products that, where health insurance is good for you?
I held up the thumb for you, who already realized the importance of having protection. Not many people who have health insurance awareness let alone think of to protect the health of family members (family insurance). I give my special appreciation for people like you who chose the road to find out / information before determining that choice. People choose to take out in general are aware of the importance of health.
If I may ask, Why did you take health insurance?
1. Because health care is expensive.
2. Hospital costs is increasingly rising.
3. Health conditions are not always predictable always good.
4. Do not have protection from the office / place of work, if sick, no one lighten the burden of cost.
5. High risk of my job, working in the field.
6. So if you seek treatment at the hospital could be free.
If the reasoning above into your base to have protection, I think almost all health insurance products in the world has been able to cover it all. but we must be smart to choose the health insurance that suits us.

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